On August 16, 1867, a younger farmer named Alfred McDonald Sargent Johnson walked into the courthouse of Cherokee County, Georgia. He had an oath to swear.
The consequences of the Civil Battle have been nonetheless seen in Canton, a village of about 200 individuals and the county seat. For one factor, that makeshift courthouse was inside a Presbyterian church—its predecessor having been torched by William Tecumseh Sherman’s males shortly earlier than their march to the ocean. For one more, Georgia was nonetheless below army rule as federal officers debated how finest to reconstruct the previous Accomplice states. How does a authorities reintegrate the lads who, not that way back, have been engaged in a treasonous rise up?
Johnson had, like a lot of his neighbors, taken up arms towards the US. At age 21, he’d joined Firm F of the third Georgia Cavalry. The Third had fought within the Chickamauga and Chattanooga campaigns, and Johnson had even been captured as a Union prisoner at New Haven, Kentucky. However he was only a foot soldier in a a lot bigger battle. Johnson had not grown up in a stereotypical plantation “huge home”; his household’s farm was modest in measurement and census information don’t record him or his father as having owned slaves. He ended the battle as a non-public, simply as he’d entered it. Johnson won’t even have cared a lot for his battle expertise; Accomplice information record him as having gone AWOL for a interval in 1863.
Nonetheless, the federal authorities had determined that even males like him couldn’t return to political energy with out making no less than a gesture of reconciliation. Just a few months earlier, Congress had handed, over President Andrew Johnson’s veto, an act that required the lads of Georgia and different southern states to swear an oath as a way to regain their voting privileges. That oath was why Alfred M. S. Johnson was within the courthouse that August day.
There had been a lot debate within the North, in the course of the battle and after it, about easy methods to reintegrate former Confederates into political life—and the way forgiving to be of their rise up. Probably the most radical Republicans needed to require an “Ironclad Oath” swearing that the possible voter had “by no means voluntarily borne arms towards the US” nor given “help, countenance, counsel, or encouragement” to the Confederacy. Such language would have disenfranchised most white southern males.
The Wade-Davis Invoice of 1864 would have required a majority of white males in every state to take the Ironclad Oath earlier than full readmission to the union. Lincoln pocket-vetoed that invoice, contemplating it too harsh. He’d backed a rather more lenient plan requiring solely 10 % of a state’s pre-war voters to swear an oath earlier than that state could possibly be readmitted. And his model was extra forgiving than the Ironclad Oath, requiring solely future loyalty—that they’d “henceforth faithfully help, shield, and defend the Structure of the US and the Union of the States thereunder.”
The oath Alfred Johnson would take had been outlined in Congress’ Reconstruction Acts, and it was nearer to Lincoln’s than to the Ironclad Oath. Like Lincoln’s, it handled the leaders of the Confederacy with much less mercy than it did enlisted males. Johnson needed to swear that he had:
by no means been a member of any State Legislature, nor held any government or judicial workplace in any State and afterwards engaged in rebel or rise up towards the US, or given help or consolation to the enemies thereof;
that I’ve by no means taken an oath as a member of Congress of the US, or as an officer of the US, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an government or judicial officer of any State, to help the Structure of the US, and afterwards engaged in rebel or rise up towards the US, or given help or consolation to the enemies thereof;
that I’ll faithfully help the Structure and obey the legal guidelines of the US, and can to the very best of my skill, encourage others so to do.
So assist me God.
Johnson had by no means been a state legislator, or a federal decide, or a member of Congress, so it could not have been a very troublesome oath to take. The rise up’s leaders must wait a bit longer to be allowed again into full political citizenship.
The worst class of rebels, the oath appeared to argue, was those that had joined the tried rebel after already been elected or appointed to trusted positions of energy—those that require an oath to help the Structure. Each Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson had made comparable exceptions for public officers who had rebelled, requiring a harder path to amnesty. The Fourteenth Modification, which was then earlier than the states for ratification, made the identical distinction—as Donald Trump is now discovering.
Alfred M. S. Johnson went again to farming after that August day. Not lengthy after, he had a son and named him Andrew Johnson—presumably in honor of the person who succeeded Lincoln within the presidency and had pardoned all ex-Confederates by the tip of 1868.
Andrew Johnson ultimately moved west to Hempstead County, Arkansas. There, he had a son named Garner James Johnson. As a younger man, Garner Johnson left farming and moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, taking a job on the Kansas Metropolis Southern Railroad. He begat Raymond Ralph Johnson, who begat James Patrick Johnson, who begat James Michael Johnson.
On October 25, 2023, James Michael Johnson—higher generally known as Mike Johnson—was elected the 56th speaker of the Home of Representatives.
Like his great-great-great-grandfather Alfred, Mike Johnson was a part of an try and oust the duly elected authorities of the US and exchange it with yet one more to his liking. In Alfred’s day, the instruments have been secession and battle; Johnson’s have been spurious claims of voter fraud and trumped-up authorized arguments.
After Joe Biden’s victory over Donald Trump within the 2020 election, Mike Johnson labored exhausting to forestall the transition of energy. Within the days after the vote, he informed interviewers that the allegations of rigged Dominion voting machines had “quite a lot of benefit,” that there have been “credible allegations of fraud and irregularity,” and {that a} voting system was “suspect as a result of it got here from Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela.”
In December 2020, Johnson organized an effort to get his fellow Home Republicans to signal on to an amicus temporary for a lawsuit difficult election leads to the 4 states that might, if their votes have been thrown out, give Trump a second time period. He despatched all of them an electronic mail with the topic line “**Time-sensitive request from President Trump**” saying the president could be watching to see which GOP members of Congress signed on and which didn’t.
About three-quarters of the Home Republicans who objected to the Electoral School rely on January 6 cited authorized arguments Johnson had made, main The New York Occasions to name him “crucial architect of the Electoral School objections.” He gave what one fellow Republican member known as “a fig-leaf mental argument” for overturning the election.
Johnson’s makes an attempt have been unsuccessful. The Supreme Courtroom rejected the lawsuit in a short, unsigned opinion. The 147 Congressional Republicans who, like Johnson, objected to the electoral vote rely have been outnumbered ultimately.
However America was as soon as once more pressured to ask: What do you do with males after they’ve fomented a rise up towards an elected authorities? After the Civil Battle, the federal response was typically lenient. Among the many Confederacy’s prime leaders, solely Jefferson Davis served jail time, after which for simply two years. President Johnson pardoned the overwhelming share of ex-Confederates barely a month after Lincoln’s assassination; he spent the rest of his presidency pardoning the remaining. Inside a dozen years, conservative white southerners as soon as once more dominated the South—a management usually achieved by nice violence by former Accomplice troopers.
Mike Johnson didn’t lead a civil battle, in fact. However he did attempt to overturn an election and impose a president People hadn’t voted for. And it’s hanging how small the repercussions have been for many who did likewise. For members of Congress, opposing false claims of voter fraud has been rather more politically harmful than supporting them. Kevin McCarthy, Steve Scalise, Jim Jordan, and Tom Emmer every endorsed Johnson’s spurious authorized arguments, and every has been nominated for speaker this 12 months. And now, on the point out of Johnson’s actions, the Home Republican caucus does little however giggle and boo.
I maintain coming again to Alfred McDonald Sargent Johnson, Mike’s great-great-great-grandfather, and the oath he needed to take that day in Cherokee County, pledging to not have interaction in rise up once more. Mike Johnson wasn’t a lowly foot soldier caught in a battle he performed no function in beginning. He was its architect, its writer and finisher. And but the one oath he’s been requested to take is as speaker of the Home of Representatives.
